WP 1.1 Analytical concept

Contact person
Dr. Jens Reiber, WESSLING GmbH, Oststraße 6, 48341 Altenberge, e-mail: jens.reiber@wessling.de

Project partners
TUB FG Siwawi, Continental, GKD

Short description
The goal was to develop, implement and evaluate analysis concepts including chemical and physical methods to identify and quantify tire abrasion particles in road runoff, road sweepings and as airborne particles. The sample preparation of aqueous and solid samples was particularly important. Due to the different compositions, the analysis concept allowed for determining the quantities and emissions into the environment, both in total and in part for individual groups of substances. This was done using one or more defined control parameters.

WP 1.2. Sampling concept

Contact person
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Barjenbruch, Technical University of Berlin, Faculty VI - Planning Building Environment, Institute of Civil Engineering, Chair of Urban Water Management, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, e-mail: matthias.barjenbruch@tu-berlin.de

Project partner
Wessling, IPS, GKD, Continental, BWB

Short description
Environmental samples were systematically obtained from road runoff, road sweepings and air, in such amounts that reproducible analysis was carried out. For all tests, a sampling concept was prepared in advance by the partners mentioned. As part of the sampling concept, a sampling area-dependent data collection plan was created. The sampling concept for the in situ measurement of the different catchment areas took into account up to 30 rain events per year and a variety of measurement points. The challenge was to sample individual rain events and evaluate the runoff quantities.

WP 1.3 Development of the sampling basket

Contact person
Dipl.-Ing. Markus Knefel, GKD – Gebr. Kufferath AG, Metallweberstraße 46, 52353 Düren, e-mail: markus.knefel@gkd.de

Project partner
Wessling, IPS, GKD, Continental, BWB

Short description
Tire abrasion particles were collected from road run-off water in a targeted manner. For this purpose, GKD designed a sampling basket for street drains that allowed fractional sampling of a rain event directly in the drainage shaft using defined mesh sizes (lower separation limit ≤ 10 μm). Initially, development was carried out virtually by creating various geometries and simulation models, on the one hand, to find an ideal flow path and, on the other hand, to ensure fractionation of the collected particles. The most promising design was then realized in GKD‘s in-house filter construction facility. Below the sampling basket, an explosion-proof measurement technology from ORI was implemented which records the flow rate data and transmits it wirelessly via GPRS. The function of the sampling basket was verified under defined conditions at the test stand (FG Urban Water Management). The sampling basket was examined with regard to its potential as a decentralised treatment plant for street drains. An appropriate backwashing device for the sampling basket was developed.

WP 1.4 Analytical evaluation of the methodology and routine analysis

Contact person
Dr. Jens Reiber, WESSLING GmbH, Oststraße 6, 48341 Altenberge, e-mail: jens.reiber@wessling.de

Project partner
Continental

Short description
The samples taken by WESSLING and provided by the partners (road runoff, road sweepings, air particles) were analysed according to the agreed and implemented analysis and sampling concept and through statistical evaluation. A significant amount of data has been generated for this purpose.

WP 2.1 Production, use, recycling/recovering/disposing

Contact person
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Barjenbruch, Technical University of Berlin, Institute for Civil Engineering, Faculty VI - Planning Building Environment, Institute of Civil Engineering, Chair of Urban Water Management, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, e-mail: matthias.barjenbruch@tu-berlin.de

Project partner
Continental, TUB FG Reibung, ADAC

Short description
The goal was to prepare a literature study and evaluation of existing data from Continental on the tire‘s life cycle. The study enabled the assessment of the input of tire particles into the environment throughout the product life cycle. On a theoretical basis, gaps in knowledge on losses of tire particles in production, use and recycling/ recovering/disposal were to be closed.

WP 2.2 Identification of the influencing factors in the use phase

Contact person
Prof. Dr. Valentin Popov, Technical University of Berlin, Faculty V of Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Institute of Mechanics, Department of System Dynamics and Friction Physics, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, e-mail: v.popov@tu-berlin.de

Project partner
Continental, TUB FG Siwawi, ADAC, VW, IPS

Short description
The aim was to theoretically identify the influencing variables on abrasion quantities throughout the service life of the tire such as climate, road surface, speed, acceleration, braking behaviour, vehicle class and weight. The Department of System Dynamics and Friction Physics conducted wear experiments and examined the resulting particles microscopically to generate reference points for theoretical analysis.

WP 2.3 Laboratory abrasion test stand

Contact person
Dr. Frank Schmerwitz, Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH, Jädekamp 30, 30419 Hannover, e-mail: frank.schmerwitz@conti.de

Project partner
TUB FG Reibung

Short description
Wear mechanisms and rates were determined through laboratory testing. For this purpose, tests were conducted for the following variables: six tread compounds, three loads, three temperatures, two lanes. The samples were measured by the TUB FG Reibung.

WP 2.4 Test drives

Contact person
Dr. Frank Schmerwitz, Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH, Jädekamp 30, 30419 Hannover, e-mail: frank.schmerwitz@conti.de

Project partner
TUB FG Siwawi, TUB FG Reibung, VW

Short description
The wear rates of the tires were estimated depending on the driving dynamics. For this purpose, driving tests were conducted on a Continental test track with the developed sampling basket installed on the test track. Continental planned and carried out the tests together with the VW Department of Vehicle Dynamics and the TUB.

WP 3.1 Investigations test stand

Contact person
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Barjenbruch, Technical University of Berlin, Institute for Civil Engineering, Faculty VI - Planning Building Environment, Institute of Civil Engineering, Chair of Urban Water Management, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, e-mail: matthias.barjenbruch@tu-berlin.de

Project partner
IPS

Short description
The goal was to describe the tire abrasion behaviour by conducting rinsing tests at a special test stand of FG Urban Water Management for different rain intensities and road surfaces. For these tests, the existing test stand for simulating different rain events of the FG were equipped with an irrigation section specifically adapted for this project and different road surfaces were integrated. These were loaded with tire abrasion particles and road sweepings and drained via a road drainage shaft. The whole test material was separated again at the outlet via sieves. The runoff behaviour in the gutter and in the road drainage shaft were simulated on the test stand; the corresponding test materials were added to the water flow in the gutter via metering units. Only with the additional irrigation unit consisting of atomisation and different road surfaces, could the removal behaviour be investigated and described in terms of area.

WP 3.2 Road investigation

Contact person
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Barjenbruch, Technical University of Berlin, Institute for Civil Engineering, Faculty VI - Planning Building Environment, Institute of Civil Engineering, Chair of Urban Water Management, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, e-mail: matthias.barjenbruch@tu-berlin.de

Project partner
BSR

Short description
The aim was to describe the waste matrix of the road through sweeping tests and to estimate the input potential for substances in the road runoff. The FG Urban Water Management was continuously carried out sweeping tests on a defined area (approx. 40 m2) on the test track Clayallee (main road). In addition to the manual sweeping samples, samples have been collected by a small road sweeper from BSR.

WP 3.3 In situ measurement sampling basket

Contact person
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Barjenbruch, Technical University of Berlin, Institute for Civil Engineering, Faculty VI - Planning Building Environment, Institute of Civil Engineering, Chair of Urban Water Management, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, e-mail: matthias.barjenbruch@tu-berlin.de

Project partner
GKD, IPS, BWB, Continental

Short description
The developed sampling basket was used for street drains from a main road, side road, motorway, parking lot, airport and the Contidrom, Continental’s tire test facility. It was possible to study an airport within Berlin, else an external airport would have been used. Important decision criteria were the number of take-offs and landings as well as the size classes of the certified aircrafts. Sampling baskets were installed in the selected rainwater drains and in the event of a rain event, a notification was automatically sent from the sampling point to the FG Urban Water Management and the quantities of rainwater flowing through the basket. This made it possible to estimate the rain event and initiate the necessary transport of the samples.

WP 3.4 Air measurement

Contact person
Dr. Jens Reiber, WESSLING GmbH, Oststraße 6, 48341 Altenberge, e-mail: jens.reiber@wessling.de

Project partner
TUB FG Siwawi

Short description
The goal was to determine concentrations of airborne tire abrasion particles at the locations of WP 3.3 with the aid of mobile air sampling units (MVS - Medium Volume Sampler). The air measurements served as a benchmark, therefore only random samples were planned. As part of the site selection for the road run-off drain sampling, the possibility to use existing infrastructures for fine dust measurements were checked.

WP 4.1 Street cleaning analysis

Contact person
Dr. Harald Sommer, Ingenieurgesellschaft Prof. Dr. Sieker mbH, Rennbahnallee 109A, 15366 Hoppegarten, e-mail: h.sommer@sieker.de

Project partner
BSR, TUB FG Siwawi

Short description
The effectiveness of street cleaning was analysed focusing on the mechanical treatment of roads as well as walking and cycling paths. Vehicle types such as street washing vehicles, truck-mounted sweeping and small sweeping machines were used, which were prepared before each project-related use in order to prevent carry-over of sample material. After recording and examining the accumulated pollutants on the surface, conclusions were drawn as to the effectiveness of street cleaning. This effectiveness was expected to be significantly influenced by the vehicle types used and the corresponding cleaning methods (wet/dry), the variability of the examination areas, the cleaning intervals, driving speeds and other various settings of the vehicle's technology. Cleaning services for different weather conditions were investigated and their potential for improvement recorded and described.

WP 4.2 In situ measurement of road drains

Contact person
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Barjenbruch, Technical University of Berlin, Institute for Civil Engineering, Faculty VI - Planning Building Environment, Institute of Civil Engineering, Chair of Urban Water Management, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, e-mail: matthias.barjenbruch@tu-berlin.de

Project partner
BSR, IPS, BWB

Short description
In the existing test section of the Clayallee (Berlin Steglitz-Zehlendorf) the FG Urban Water Management examined wet sludge traps with and without coarse material buckets. When sampling the wet sludge traps, the entire sludge trap volume was pumped out and then a corresponding aliquot sample has been collected.

WP 5.1 In situ measurement of road drains

Contact person
Dr. Harald Sommer, Ingenieurgesellschaft Prof. Dr. Sieker mbH, Rennbahnallee 109A, 15366 Hoppegarten, e-mail: h.sommer@sieker.de

Project partner
BSR, IPS, BWB

Short description
The goal was to prepare and carry out pollution load simulations with the hydrological pollution load model STORM-SEWSYS. The model took into account the accumulation of the emissions and the influence of rain events on the erosion for the calculation of particles entering into the sewer system. STORM-SEWSYS were extended and adapted for use as part of the project. In addition to freight generation on the basis of DTV (Daily Traffic), approaches for freight generation at load points and road sections with different section characteristics, which are simulated during tire tests, have been developed. The load values correlate with the tire abrasion at the respective load points. This is integrated into SEWSYS via a load factor to be developed and parameterised for practical use. The further developed model was tested by using a sample area. The findings from BSR‘s street cleaning services were also going to be incorporated here. For the transfer to the investigated catchment areas, the hydrological pollution load models utilised an adapted model.

WP 5.2 Potential estimation of de-/central rainwater treatment plants

Contact person
Dr. Harald Sommer, Ingenieurgesellschaft Prof. Dr. Sieker mbH, Rennbahnallee 109A, 15366 Hoppegarten, e-mail: h.sommer@sieker.de

Project partner
TUB FG Siwawi, BWB

Short description
The aim was the integration and parametrization of decentralised treatment plants, such as filter inserts in road drainage shafts, rain clarifiers and retention soil filters in SEWSYS. The existing data for reducing the AFS/AFS63 content of technical treatment systems (decentralised/centralised) were used to estimate the retention potential for tire particles. For this purpose, the systems were integrated into the created models by IPS with STORM for specific catchment areas. An estimate of the cleaning performance of decentralised treatment plants were made mainly with regard to AFS63 as a sum parameter. Conclusions on the retention of tire abrasion were then drawn from the proportions of the corresponding fractions determined in the project. The model created in WP 5.1 is used to simulate the catchment areas. The estimation of the potential of the plants was based on the results of existing research projects and the measurements within the framework of the RAU research project.

WP 6 Establishment of the set of measures and evaluation tool

Project partner
all

Short description
Based on the data and findings gained in the project, an initial recommendation for action (evaluation tool) and a catalogue of measures have been developed. For this purpose, the generated data sets were scientifically analysed. The analysis was the basis for the evaluation of potential depressions of tire abrasion in the system of roadway and run-off drainage shafts and for the preparation of the set of measures. Important transfer variables were mass balance, particle size distribution and chemical properties.